شرایط اورژانسی پت

- Cutting off blood flow to the stomach and organs → tissue death  
- Pressure on the diaphragm → difficulty breathing  
- Severe shock and drop in blood pressure  
- Cardiac arrest  

If GDV is not treated, the animal usually dies within a few hours.  

When should I go to the clinic immediately?  
Take the animal to a veterinary emergency without any delay in the following cases:  
- Suddenly swollen and tight abdomen  
- The animal tries to vomit but cannot  
- Restlessness, lethargy, or panting  
- Pale gums or cold extremities  
- Any previous similar case of bloat or GDV  

🚨 Reminder:  
Bloat and gastric dilatation-volvulus are among the deadliest emergencies in dogs. Every minute of delay can be critical.  
If resuscitation is needed, perform ABC and CPR and at the same time get the animal to the clinic quickly.

- Feed in several small meals throughout the day, not one large meal.  
- Use slow-feeder bowls.  
- Avoid vigorous exercise for one hour before and after meals.  
- Provide enough water throughout the day but do not give large amounts right before meals.  

✅ For high-risk breeds:  
- With the veterinarian's advice, preventive gastropexy surgery (stomach tacking) can be performed at the time of spaying/neutering to reduce the risk of GDV.

1. Never try to release the gas with medication or massage.
2. Keep the animal calm, do not let it move or roll around.
3. Do not give any food or water.
4. If the animal becomes unconscious or stops breathing, immediately check ABC.
5. Get to the nearest veterinary clinic as fast as possible.
6. During transport, position the animal in a semi-upright position or on its side with the head elevated to make breathing easier.

If the animal becomes unconscious or stops breathing, what should be done?

Answer:

1. Perform ABC:
    
   • A (Airway): Make sure the mouth is open and the airway is clear.
2.  
   • B (Breathing): If there is no breathing, give two rescue breaths through the nose.
3.  
   • C (Circulation): Check the pulse; if there is no pulse, start CPR (30 chest compressions + 2 breaths).
4.  
5. ⚠️‼️ Note: You must get to the nearest veterinary hospital or clinic as quickly as possible.

Symptoms usually appear quickly and suddenly:

• Severe abdominal distension or bloating (enlarged and tight belly)
• Unsuccessful attempts to vomit or retch
• Restlessness, panting, or whining from pain
• Pale or white gums
• Weakness or collapse
• Increased heart rate and rapid breathing

⚠️ Even if you see only a few of these symptoms, GDV is possible and it is an emergency.

Large-breed dogs with deep chests (e.g., German Shepherd, Great Dane, Doberman, Saint Bernard, Weimaraner)

Older dogs or breeds that eat very quickly

Animals that engage in intense activity immediately after eating

In cats it is very rare but can occur in certain gastrointestinal cases.

Bloat occurs when the stomach becomes overly filled with gas, liquid, or food. In some cases, the stomach may twist around itself (this condition is called GDV or Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus).

As a result of the stomach twisting:

• Blood flow to the stomach and spleen is cut off,
• Breathing becomes difficult,
• And it can cause the animal's death within a few hours.

1. Check ABC:
2. • Airway: Ensure the airway is open.
    • Breathing: If not breathing, give two rescue breaths through the nose.
    • Circulation: Check the pulse; if absent, start CPR.
3. Lay the animal on its side and slightly elevate the legs to help blood flow back to the heart.
4. Cover the body with a light blanket or towel to maintain body temperature.
5. Do not remove pressure from the wound until reaching the clinic.

When should I go to the clinic immediately?

Answer:

Immediately take the animal to a veterinary center in the following cases:

• Severe bleeding that cannot be controlled with pressure
 • Deep or puncture wounds
 • Signs of shock (lethargy, rapid breathing, pale gums)
 • Animal or snake bites
 • Foreign object in the wound
 • Bleeding from the mouth, nose, or rectum

🚨 Reminder:

In cases of severe bleeding, every minute counts. Maintain pressure during transport, and if breathing or pulse stops, perform CPR immediately.

A. Abrasion

A superficial skin wound usually caused by contact with the ground or rough surfaces.

Actions:

• Wash the area with clean water or saline solution.
• Dry with a sterile gauze and visit the nearest clinic.
• Prevent the animal from licking the wound; use an Elizabethan collar if necessary.

B. Bite Wound

Wounds that may be deep and contaminated.

Actions:

• Rinse the area with saline or clean water (do not use concentrated Betadine).
• Control any bleeding with direct pressure.
• Due to high risk of infection, always have a veterinarian examine the wound immediately.
• Do not use antibiotics without veterinary guidance.

C. Cuts and Tears

May result from glass, metal, or sharp objects.

Actions:

• Control bleeding with direct pressure.
• Clean the area with sterile gauze and saline or clean water.
• If the wound is open or the skin is separated, apply a clean bandage and go to a clinic immediately.
   ⚠️ Suturing should ideally be done within 6 to 8 hours of injury.

D. Pad Wounds

Wounds or cuts on paw pads, often caused by walking on hot or sharp surfaces.

Actions:

• Apply pressure with gauze to stop bleeding.
• Keep the paw clean and dry.
• Cover with a light bandage to prevent licking and visit a veterinarian as soon as possible.
   ⚠️ Deep or painful wounds may require sutures and antibiotics—urgent veterinary care is needed.

E. Ticks

Ticks are parasites that attach to the skin and suck blood.

Actions:

• Never twist or crush a tick.
• Press the area with an alcohol-soaked cotton for 1 minute, then gently pull the tick straight out from the closest point to the skin using fine tweezers or a tick removal tool, and follow up with a veterinarian.
• Monitor the animal for several days for fever or lethargy, as ticks can transmit diseases.

F. Snake Bite

A medical emergency that can be life-threatening.

Actions:

1. Keep the animal still to reduce venom spread.
2. Do not move or apply excessive pressure to the bite area.
3. Keep the bite below heart level.
4. Do not apply a tight tourniquet.
5. Do not place ice on the wound—it can damage tissue.
6. Do not attempt to suck out venom or cut the skin.
7. Transport the animal to a veterinary clinic immediately.

1. Stay calm and keep the animal immobilized.
2. If possible, use gloves to prevent contamination.
3. Place a clean, dry gauze or cloth on the bleeding area and apply direct pressure with your hand.
4. Maintain the pressure for 5 to 10 minutes without removing the gauze.
5. If blood soaks through the gauze, place a new layer on top—do not remove the previous gauze.
6. If the bleeding part (like a leg or tail) is involved, keep it elevated above heart level as much as possible.
7. For very severe bleeding, a pressure bandage can be used, but not so tight that it completely cuts off circulation.
8. If blood is flowing from a large cut or deep wound, take the animal to a clinic immediately.

⚠️ Note: Never try to remove an object stuck in the wound—just stabilize it around the object to prevent movement.

Anaphylactic Shock is the most severe type of allergic reaction and is life-threatening.

This condition usually occurs within the first few minutes after exposure to an allergen, such as:

• Injection of a vaccine or medication
• Bee or insect sting
• Eating an allergenic food

Symptoms:

• Severe weakness or lethargy
• Drop in temperature or pale gums
• Rapid or difficult breathing
• Fainting or unconsciousness
• Very fast or unpalpable heartbeat

In this situation:

✅ Lay the animal on its side
 ✅ Keep the head slightly lower than the body to help blood reach the brain
 ✅ Go immediately to a veterinary clinic
 ✅ During transport, if breathing or pulse stops, continue CPR

If a bee or insect sting remains in the animal’s body:

• If the stinger is still present, gently scrape it out in the opposite direction with a flat object like a credit card.
   ❌ Do not use tweezers or forceps as this can inject more venom.
• Then cool the area with cold water or ice.
• If there is severe swelling around the face, neck, or mouth → do not wait and go to the clinic immediately.

If the animal becomes unconscious or stops breathing:

• Immediately check ABC (Airway – Breathing – Circulation).
• If there is no breathing or pulse, start CPR:
  • Lay the animal on its side
  • 30 chest compressions (100–120 per minute)
  • 2 rescue breaths through the nose
  • Repeat this cycle until breathing returns or you reach the clinic

When should you go to the clinic immediately?

Take the animal to a veterinarian or 24-hour hospital without delay in these cases:

• Severe swelling of the face or mouth
• Difficulty breathing or abnormal sounds while breathing
• Vomiting, lethargy, or drop in temperature
• Unconsciousness or seizures
• Any sting or bite accompanied by swelling or shock

🚨 Reminder:

An allergic reaction can become dangerous within minutes. Every minute is critical in this situation.

1. Stay calm and place the animal in a cool, quiet environment.
2. Remove the possible cause (for example, move the insect away or stop the suspicious food).
3. If there is only mild itching or swelling:
    • You can apply a cold compress to the swollen area.
    • For swelling around the eyes or muzzle, wrap ice in a clean cloth and apply for 5–10 minutes.
4. If severe symptoms occur (vomiting, weakness, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing), go to a clinic immediately.
5. If the animal becomes unconscious or stops breathing, immediately start ABC and CPR (explained below).

What should I do if my pet is choking or has breathing problems?

Use the ABC method:

• A – Airway: Make sure the mouth and throat are clear. If something is stuck in the throat (like an insect or swollen tongue), check carefully but do not blindly pull it out.
• B – Breathing: If the animal is not breathing, give two rescue breaths through the nose (as explained in CPR).
• C – Circulation: Check the pulse; if there is none → start CPR immediately.

Symptoms vary depending on the severity of the reaction but may include:

• Severe itching or sudden scratching of the body
 • Swelling around the eyes, snout, lips, or ears
 • Redness of the skin or hives
 • Sneezing or coughing
 • Vomiting or diarrhea
 • Lethargy or weakness
 • In severe cases: throat swelling and difficulty breathing (choking), which requires immediate visit to the nearest veterinary hospital or clinic

An allergic reaction is an overreaction of the immune system to a substance that is normally harmless.

In dogs and cats, this reaction can be triggered by:

• Insect stings or bites (e.g., bees, ants, mosquitoes)
• Vaccinations or medications
• Certain foods or supplements
• Chemicals or cleaning products
• Dust, plants, or inhaled substances

Make sure the environment is safe (no danger to the pet or yourself).

If the pet might bite or react unpredictably, it’s better to use a leash or restrain the dog.

It’s recommended to have basic pet CPR training beforehand and have the contact information of the nearest 24-hour veterinary hospital ready.

During CPR, minimize interruptions in compressions, as long pauses reduce cardiac output.

For the BLS (Basic Life Support) stage at home:

• Place the animal on a hard, flat surface, preferably lying on its side.
• Position your hands on the chest according to the size of the animal: for large dogs, place two hands on top of each other; for small dogs or cats, use one hand or a suitable technique.
• Perform chest compressions at a rate of 100–120 per minute.
• Compression-to-breath ratio: 30 compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths, then continue compressions.
• Rescue breaths: Close the animal’s mouth (or use an appropriate method for very small cats or dogs) and blow air into the nose or mouth until the chest rises. Be careful not to apply too much pressure.
• Every 2 minutes, if possible, have a second person take over to prevent fatigue and maintain compression quality.
• Simultaneously with starting CPR, another person should contact the nearest veterinary emergency center and prepare for animal transport.

 If the animal is unconscious, not breathing (or breathing very weakly), and the pulse is undetectable or very weak — meaning there is a possible cardiac-respiratory arrest — you should start CPR immediately, even if you are not completely sure. Delaying can greatly reduce the chances of survival. 

The first step is the “ABC” approach:

• A = Airway: Make sure the pet is in a safe position. Call its name loudly or gently shake it to check for a response. If there is no response, check the mouth and throat for any obstruction.

• B = Breathing: Listen, look, and feel near the nose/mouth for breath or chest movement. If the pet is not breathing or breathing very weakly → CPR is required.

• C = Circulation: Check the pulse or heartbeat (e.g., femoral artery in dogs, or appropriate site for cats). If there is no pulse or it is very weak, start chest compressions and rescue breathing immediately.

For basic CPR (BLS) at home:

• Place the pet on a hard, flat surface, preferably lying on its right side.

• Position your hands on the chest according to the pet’s size: for large dogs, use two hands stacked; for small dogs or cats, use one hand or an appropriate method.

• Perform compressions at a rate of 100–120 per minute.

• Compression-to-breath ratio: 30 compressions, then 2 rescue breaths, then continue compressions.

• Rescue breathing: Close the pet’s mouth (or use an appropriate method for very small cats/dogs) and blow air into the nose or mouth until the chest rises. Avoid excessive pressure.

• Every 2 minutes, if possible, have a second person take over to prevent fatigue and maintain compression quality.

• While performing CPR, another person should contact the nearest veterinary emergency center and prepare for transportation.

By pressing the gums until they turn white, the return to pink color should take less than 2 seconds.

🔹 If it takes more than 2 seconds → it may indicate shock or poor circulation.

• Gently lift the skin on the animal’s neck or back; it should quickly return to its original position.

If it returns slowly → this is a sign of dehydration.

• A dry or sticky mouth and sunken eyes are also other signs of dehydration.

🔹 Normal moisture levels: skin should be soft and elastic, gums moist.

The natural color should be light pink and moist.

🔹 Abnormal colors:

• White or gray

• Blue or purple

• Yellow

• Dark red

• Dog: between 38°C and 39.2°C
• Cat: between 38°C and 39.2°C

🔹 A temperature above 39.5°C or below 37.5°C requires immediate veterinary attention.

The pulse should be regular, strong, and synchronized with the heartbeat.

🔹 A weak or irregular pulse may indicate low blood pressure, shock, or heart problems.

Best place to feel the pulse:
 • In dogs and cats: femoral artery (inner thigh)

• Dog:
 • Large breeds: 60 to 100 beats per minute
 • Small breeds and puppies: 100 to 160 beats per minute

• Cat: 140 to 220 beats per minute

🔹 Stress or fear can temporarily increase the heart rate.

• Dogs: 10 to 30 breaths per minute (at rest)
• Cats: 20 to 30 breaths per minute (at rest)

🔹 During sleep or deep rest, it may be lower. However, rapid, noisy, or open-mouth breathing is considered abnormal.